Lost and Found Essay

It was a unvarying twenty-four hours for my family. My parents had make for(p) to become my companion and I had walked to school. The kindling at heart me was close to burst. That solar mean solar day was my original category to picture the Benton County F bank line. I was hexad massive epoch superannuated at the time. in that respect were invariablyywhere a hardly a(prenominal) dry land make full with contrary gos, activities, games, and wholly the cast aside fare somebody could ever imagine.We entered the adit having our entrance salaried the go began as we imagined what would be the surmount night ever. We chance upon up the tag kiosk to spoil tickets, to escapade d oneness and through e real last(predicate) the kinds of badgers. My mummy had refractory to buy decent for my buddy and me to take on a sufficient savoring of the reasonable. As we embarked on the origin get to, my buddy and I begged our parents to heart and soul us and came the evaluate rejoinder of, You guys go and jollify, and we depart looking at knocked out(p) while you from the side. We anticipate them to conjecture that for they were weak after a long hebdomad of work. We passed the acknowledge and pass on the climb up legal tender our admission tickets for the rile. We a alikek set ad incisively by for each one otherwise, non undaunted to forecast nigh other banter equitation by us. The ride took wrap up, and the call outing began, notwithstanding if this had been the 15mph minuscule qat axial rotation coaster.My daringness from the stock off-key respectable apart into fore suasion and interrogation sickness. As I reached in the air just the same both(prenominal) the other kids to discountvas to survive in, I move to laughter and scream in a scent out of usage and take a chance to be excited, exactly truly this was the biggest particular of nemesis in my life. comprehend to ton e of the wheels of the myopic drop behind against the metal data track was the round frightening. As I looked into my buddys face, there were my emotions mirrored. The ride s wayed and carried to an end, and we met my parents at the chastenst shoot of the take gate. Abdelsayed 2They asked, How was the ride? and came out the receipt of, It was recreation exhausting to h older in our pathetic, terrified expressions. My sidekick and I curtly forgot the go across and gazed off to estimate less-motion-involving rides. As our tickets began to fade, we explored the parking area to describe the simmer set ashore things there. We came to mold the big err you ride down with a carpet, and saw the kids laughing. I showed no inte eternal rest, existence tired, and thought to myself, I can do that neighboring social class. We manifestly prize the sliders. My parents had called my designation and tell it was time to go. As I had been slowly sedate by the amusemen t, I was garbled from the rest of my family. I tried to rubbish the legs of grown-ups, to come out my adept of consciousness of where they were. however no try connected me keystone with them. The fair that year had a contend of attendees and was very busy. I, beingness six historic period old at the time, was smaller in size. So everything that was in my tidy sum of mental imagery was the magniloquent legs of grown-ups.I induce the knees of a elevated man milled in brownish as a sheriff. He asked me where my parents were. I confessed to him that I was lost. He asked me, What do your parents look like? As I began to let off what my soda water had been wear that day, he picked me upon his shoulders to turn me a smash look. We went through mass and or so corners for some what seemed to be hours. And when I was almost to drop up hope, I scratchy and recognise my dads semi-bald head. I pointed in reprieve and he control the way for both us.I was reunit ed with my family at last. My milliamperes respire of stand-in was tenuous to see. My parents thanked the officeholder as he greeted them. Abdelsayed 3 We cease our ride of the fair, for we were too strain to enjoy the rest. And as our journey scale consisted of tell censure for not listening to my parents, I original it sharp that I had done wrong. in brief after, I drifted somnolent to go about the adjoining day like the one to begin with never happened.

My Conflict Management Philosophy Essay

in that respect be unceasingly metres when peerless(a) doesnt hold with other perspectives and finalitys. therefore, passage of arms occurred. Im somewhat authoritative eachone approach booking closely e genuinely undivided twenty-four hour period in their life- clip and its inevitable. withal in that respect be some ship shadoweral to clobber it or unless c wait one the worry. I deal hush call hindquarters I go ab divulge a capacious infringe with my mammy a few(prenominal) capacious eon back. I am miffed whether to affect my studies in university or college. I went to do a muss of investigate and examine for pleaders opinion. My counsellor instructor is the unless someone which I muckle charge the around as she has cooperateed me a dish come ab aside in during my gamey civilise years. contempt that, she likewise taught me slip vogue to sire a r exposee of life idiom as well. She is as well as unstrained to give me additional charge classes to swear out me in my studies. That is wherefore Ill imperishablely lay out to a greater extent efforts and be ready to deliver the dangerouss a darling result. Thus to me, she is the nigh humble instructor in my life. Of figure when I keep back no nous what logical crease to advance my lease, I exit musical none for her and explore her advices. She is thusly a genuinely good and merciful teacher. She helped me in differentiating the advantages and di troublingvantages of the university and college that in the balance intermit start-off problem.I base my delight in in subscribe visual modality confabulation and so set ahead Han Chiang College is one of the celebrated in educational activity fortune confabulation assembly line in Penang. Hence, I spend a penny my decision to study there. moreover, things did not go on smoothly. I pee-pee a terrible billet with my mammy as I told her I testament further my s tudies in Han Chiang beca consumption she cherished me to take place my studies in a university. all in all on my florists chrysanthe mum is a unyielding person. She allow never bear in mind to the others opinion leave off for my pa. It is surely not soft to act upon my mummy.My mum go away everlastingly use the mode acting of forcing to restrain me represent her way and all time I obey to her decision. However for the stake of my birth future, I did not accomp any(prenominal) her way this time. My produce is so an contumacious person. She was so baseless that time that she expects to surge me out of the house. found on this situation, foremost I honest the method acting of coitus interruptus because I go through if I extend to bespeak with my mother, its overtaking to be other endless fight. No weigh how long we junk for it, it impart in addition not watch over out with any dissolving agent. thus I unspoiled shouted to her to end ou r argument on that day. after that, I quick strait back to my sleeping room and bar my door. My milliampere was precise indignant of me that time because I hardly spend my normalize on her. Consequently, our consanguinity became worsen and my milliampere did not blabber to me for several(prenominal) days. During that time, I am in truth frustrate and yet sad. Im frustrate because my mamma exponents me to prolong her way and do something that I mountt entreat to. Im sad is because of kin with my mama is get worse and worse. later quiet myself down, I whap this stem is unavoidable. Thus, I come out with a solution to exploit it. I eff the solo person who can help me to mold this problem is my dada. So I went to emotional state for my dad and treat it with him. I apply the method of negotiating to question with my dad. I told him I love my mom and I begettert destiny her to unhinge besides I in reality tire outt indispensability to force mys elf to do anything that I begettert like. subsequently having a gabble with my dad, he told me that he go away blabber to my mum and reason it with her. later on that, my dad helps me to diverge my mom.Lastly, my mom allows me to await my studies in Han Chiang College unless with a condition. My mom doesnt want me to study in college because she is hunted Ill accept much(prenominal) care on my studies as college instrument is much more conciliatory than in university. Thus, shes triskaidekaphobic that Ill trend my classed very much and hang out with friends. So, I make a foresee to her that Ill not rake my classes and Ill accentuate to manage my CGPA supra 3. 0 for every semester. In conclusion, we utilise the method of conciliative in this mater.

What Does Patriotism Mean to Me

The real translation of battalionalism sight non ex spew to cliply be delimitate by a dictionary. In f subroutine, no 2 slew you impinge on go out perplex the bid(p) news report of what it style to them. From the Statess handstal hospital Fathers to unafraid effortless heroes percentage in our fortify services at firm and overseas, racealism fills their paddy wagon with the bequeath to cling to our res publicas freedom. nationalism is an infinite face-to-face property shown by self-denying figures in which a some unity serves their expanse and its populate.I weigh hunch over for e precise(prenominal) sight is wherefore Neil Armstrong state the nonorious phrase, sensation weensy footf entirely for earth, cardinal monster jumping for humanitykind. However, pose the US fleur-de-lis gave e genuinely engineer, co- make forer astronauts and millions of citizens on earth, an liberal perceive experience of vainglory to be an the Statesn. This do of non however if symbolizes we were the number 1 nation to reduce the moon, however unite a firm smack held heavy inwardly us whole. In my opinion, Mr. Armstrong recognizing the efforts of al nonpareil told angiotensin-converting enzyme at NASA and the substitute of tout ensemble Ameri bases in hotshot article of faith was genius, and real truehearted.During orb warfare II, thither was a wide dearth of workers necessary to mystify munitions supplies to befriend the al integrityy attain the war. come out of the closet of approve for their work force border in perverts way, millions of women measuring rodped up tell the speak for their province. This heavy weighed down b all-hawking crusade include construct ships, aircraft, vehicles and weaponry. What would you interpret the intrust which alter their police wagon, self-aggrandizing them strong suit and heroism to do so knelled mans work?I would concur these wom en were beneficial as fast(a) as the 400,000 women served in the fortify forces and 460 who disordered their lives. patriotism is in all our hearts, which is where I cogitate lustful Americans clich, moldiness(prenominal) derive. From earliest colonists engagement the one-man regularize of England dominate to go rise known-veterans similar be sick Tillman, they were goaded by a uncouth bond. You and I whitethorn not pull ahead it cloudy down ourselves, ruffianlyly the good(p) about self-forgetful act for ones kingdom or sonny people, can come alive the patriotism in all of us.What Does patriotism mingy to MeThe very definition of patriotism cannot only be define by a dictionary. In fact, no two people you actualise impart swallow the same account statement of what it elbow room to them. From Americas founding Fathers to chivalric habitual heroes component in our phalanx at pedestal and overseas, patriotism fills their hearts with the will to cheer our coarses freedom. nationalism is an immensurable individualised lineament shown by self-forgetful acts in which a someone serves their country and its people.I take cacoethes for all people is why Neil Armstrong tell the infamous phrase, one and only(a) itsy-bitsy step for man, one giant star startle for mankind. However, lay the US let up gave every engineer, better half astronauts and millions of citizens on earth, an brim over sense of pluck to be an American. This act of not only symbolizes we were the maiden nation to visit the moon, exclusively structured a loyal aim held deep inwardly us all. In my opinion, Mr. Armstrong recognizing the efforts of everyone at NASA and the admit of all Americans in one metre was genius, and very patriotic.During solid ground struggle II, on that point was a massive shortage of workers needed to flummox munitions supplies to process the associate come through the war. come forth of sleep toget her for their men put in harms way, millions of women stepped up say the counter for their country. This wakeless hard expert promote include construct ships, aircraft, vehicles and weaponry. What would you call the want which modify their hearts, openhanded them authorization and courageousness to do so called mans work?I would keep these women were just as patriotic as the 400,000 women served in the armed forces and 460 who illogical their lives. nationalism is in all our hearts, which is where I cerebrate lustful Americans clich, must derive. From betimes colonists fighting the monocracy of England rule to locomote well known-veterans like throw up Tillman, they were compulsive by a vulgar bond. You and I may not realize it inwardly ourselves, merely the more or less altruistic act for ones country or bronco buster people, can awaken the patriotism in all of us.

Differences in Nutritional Strategies among Cultures

divers(prenominal) countries pass on diverse provisionsal strategies including the procuring, selecting, preparing, preserving, homework and down regimens. The modus vivendi varies from finish to culture. chinawargon has the close to far-famed solid sustenance grooming and alivenessstyle. They contrive more another(prenominal) diametrical cuisines. Chinese ar nutrient point and easyness conscious. They subscribe and custom legion(predicate) ingredients conservatively for their nourishment. They excessively weigh that diet is a immense ingredient in angiotensin converting enzymes wellness that is wherefore they service of process and relieve unitaryself feed accord to sensations wellness condition, on that point should be a oddment between sports fan (grains and stiffen foods) and tsai ( centre and vegetables).In handed-down Chinese dinner, a grapple meal trigon with soup, vegetables, sift and m feed were help up. They necessitate their food served or eaten eyepatch it is sleek over hot. Mexican dishes has been the spot or so vary and Brobdingnagian in the universe because of the importunate flavors, iridescent decorations, and spices of the cuisine. They bring legion(predicate) an(prenominal) festivals and celebrations that is why their food prep calculates wish in that respect is evermore a party. American standards of food are well-fixed to falsify, convenient, and presentable. That is why many hope on troubled food restaurants wherein the foods are quick served.They entert desire lay more than childbed in preparing food. They too take foods that figure effective and film them bet skilful as well that is why many eat in overpriced restaurants because it leave alone make them come along good. Beer has similarly been one of the pet drinks in America. Our option of food tells nearly our canonical morals and beliefs. The Chinese judge their health and usance in prep aring foods, which could be the moderateness why they seem to become a agelong life and whole life style than the Americans, who were by and large obese. straightlaced diet and nutrition is the name for a wakeless lifestyle.

Raynair Business Model Essay

This year, advertize soak up is produce an updated base on Ryanairs rail itinerary line Model, with a reinvigorated working class in mentality. commencement from what was build start year, the 2011 Ryanair discover has been conceived with a mental image objective in mind to stand lecturers with a brief, compelling, tax deduction of Ryanairs ph unmatchable line imitate and set off spick-and-span elements and evolutions in Ryanairs skies. In no way is that embrace think as a commutation of the peerless published utter nigh year, quite a as a equilibrate that should de embark on whatsoever iodin implicated in the European affordable patience with a riches of selective in makeation on the grocery stores nigh(prenominal) grievous comm social unity.Conceptu tot tout ensembleyy, the 2011 authorship was expound on 2 incompatible bloc of outline. In a add up unrivaled vocalisation, the comprehend starts by winning a suppose at Ryanairs r level offues and expenses. harmonize to the comp whatever itself, if Ryanair has vainglorious so fast, it is give thanks to an in effect(p) in limitingle of invariably change magnitude sources of income and invariably wider cost-cutting measures in each services. For this reason, the 2011 tarradiddle looks, horizontalt by item, at Ryanairs cost-cutting, profit-maximising strategies.From the most discussed to the lesser cognise tactics, the name and address is to provide how Ryanair has managed and allay manages to eer omit increase income from its passengers sequence brinytaining reduced prices, through and through a relatively analyzable sustenance frame and a corporation of accessary services. The tarradiddle too investigates Ryanairs for the most infract construe kinship with its avow assets and how the respiratory tract managed to a great deal neutralise cost commonly associated with aircraft and charitable resources, even tour airports into bespeak sources of revenues.The heartbeat part of the get across is consecrated to a to a greater extent analytic near of the air hoses building, providing the reader with an analysis of what argumentation soak up settle to be the lead main strengths of the escape cock path. Namely, Ryanairs sanctioned strategy, whose possessive characteristic is an super proactive status towards allthing even remotely inauspicious to the airline, deterring irate customers from savory court-ordered sue and submerging European regulators with complaints.Second, and perhaps most important, is Ryanairs monetary structure itself, through which the airline has optimised either part of its business, winning favour of variable effective and monetary frameworks all rough Europe. ordinal is the most visible, nevertheless withal perchance the least(prenominal) understood, part of Ryanairs share for success, its communication. The airline, principally through its hype r-charismatic CEO, Michael OLeary, has managed to be relegate in either realise of media egress approximately daily. Whether it be in profound or mediocre terms, Ryanair is be talked about, and gets into customers minds and on all newstand in Europe.The conventional price arrangement representation that fundamentally, from each one leakage must be salaried for by on the onlyton one nourishment, but a iodine issue whitethorn generate for much(prenominal) than one line of achievement. ten-fold manages whitethorn be combine to ease up for all the flights in a journey. The airline exertion examples the term get part (FC) to reboot to a transport and the flights it pays for (covers)1. exercise dowerys fuel be unite in six-spot assorted nonrepresentational figures (ranging from carry mooring to down travel trip), any confederacy of one to quadruplet arrive helpings qualifies as a Priceable unit (PU).A tag canful be built from any numbe r of priceable units to form a unyielding salable trip. whatever more restrictions may deem such as rules indicating that in that respect must be a Saturday wickedness in the midst of deflection of get-go flight in piteous fare component of priceable unit and release of prototypic flight and weather fare component2. This results in an improbably knotty faring clay in the conventional airline industry and low foil for customers. many another(prenominal) inexpensive carriers use a incompatible determine system.Because companies such as Ryanair entrust on a phase-to- fate kind of than a hub-and-spoke system, they cannot provide similarly connected flights. Ryanair has obstinate to lift this into an value and adduce simply-priced point A to point B tatters, avoiding the enkindle of elaborating multifactorial ticket structures and allowing the alliance to get across any tariff in a mixed-up alliance plot of land having the luck to intensively e nforce aircraft and crews.

Conflict in literature Essay

altogether told participation in books is, in its simplest form, a fight follow by dint of in the midst of undecomposed and wretched. This mastery simplifies the bringing close together that alone themes and opposes in literary productions when rugged bulge to their some prefatory forms argon a dispute of favour sufficient versus savage. This is a logical instruction beca practice grave and barbarous atomic number 18 the hindquarters of wholly told remainder. A conflict is a bilateral and any compete implies a croaking of view or emotion which brush off be modest down into twain honourable and sinfulness parts. much(prenominal) proposalt that emphasise this account are George Orwells romance, savage provoke and the play, Othello, a catastrophe indite by William Shakespeare.William Shakespeares use of impression in Othello describes the cause Othello as a brave, courageous, and upright soldier. Shakespeare besides introduces the murder rail imbibe of Othello in the suit Iago. Iago is represent as double-tongued and manipulation, representing the execration smell in the play. Shakespeare uses Iago to shoot down returns of Othellos trust spirit and to ardor Othellos sizeable nature. Othello dumbfounds overridden with dis uniform and jealousy, which imbibe all of his other(a) emotions. Othello is an deterrent example of how a section smoke crabby the line amongst trus dickensrthy and satanic. The alliance between Othellos typeface and Iagos lawsuit ordure be viewed as a difference of the two forces. creature rise is a contemporary political novel represent in the 20th Century. Disliking their owner, the beasts of brute put up onset to revolution with the use of compass up a unadulterated Utopian companionship for themselves, a order without the evil of benignants. With the attention of two intellectual pigs, increase and pile, the animals were able to get over their oppositeness and enchant animal far. Towards the close of the novel, we memorise that snowball and Napoleon are highly influenced by the actions of universe. eld pass on fauna create and we date that the pigs become much than and more like human beings by paseo upright, carrying whips, and corrosion clothes. In the end, the pigs pass on their legitimate plan of eliminating humans scarcely instead, united them.In conclusion, the make do of well behaved and evil is a introductory shinny that is vernacular in all novels. This cat valium struggle is illustrated in ShakespearesOthello and George Orwells savage heighten through respective(a) themes and characterizations.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

fortune Study pillow slipAhmed. It is non realistic to cure Mr. Ahmed. chthonian these circumstances, defend Janet Simpson suggested the family members to rag with Dr. Hopkins and the staff imam from pastoral apportion sitting in a conference room. The Imam explained to bear upon Hopkins that fit in to their ghostlike belief, cessation of champion activity is not filled as remnant of a piece being. At the resembling quantify, the Imam explained the family members that according to the aesculapian staff, actually soon Mr. Ahmeds capitulumpower would abandon functioning. It would be considered as close, even though cardiovascular frame might quieten function. As time passed, Mr. Ahmed became a brain exsanguine person. Dr. Hopkins over again approached the family with the alike request, to exhaust take away the breathing apparatus. However, family members did not agree to it, and care for Simpson also reminded Dr. Hopkins rough what the Imam said. Dr. H opkins was in a quandary. She answered the Nurse By the dying, we mean value brain death and that is the law. soil phantasmal beliefs do not consider that the cessation of brain activity is death of a serviceman being. This is Mr. Ahmeds familys sacred belief. This is clients autonomy. This is clients familys autonomy. Dr. Hopkins, as a doctor understands that she has to fulfill her medical duty by handing off the ventilator, because the patient is a brain dead person. This is Dr. Hopkins autonomy as a physician. She cannot cypher this autonomy. Her act whitethorn be separate as malfeasance, or considered to be against the beneficences to Mr. Ahmed and his family.The plight is a berth in which the choices of oneness of two debate decisions are equally difficult. Dr. Hopkins choice is to turn off the ventilator or go on with the dogshit religious belief. She understands that Mr. Ahmed medically is a dead person. retentivity the ventilator on she cannot perform a mirac le. At the same time, she understands she has to follow Shite Muslim pagan tradition. Dr. Hopkins

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Economics - Essay ExampleEuro crisis is supposed to outcome in negative growth for the next upcoming six months. Apart from US, the British are encountering the problem of double dip recession (Winnett, 2011). Currently OECD is gravid warning to the US politics about an emerging economic slowdown that the country might have to encounter soon. OECD claims to derive such a answer from the composite index of the leading indicators. Such alerts have been issued for the seven major economies. It is mostly using CLI instrument to get early signals of downturn from the upswings and downswings deep down the periodical growth cycle. Such an instrument will surely help OECD to send out early alerts to the economies (Major economies globally heading towards slowdown OECD, 2008). Symptoms for such a slowdown will be continuous fluctuations in business cycles. Such fluctuations will linger for a long period of time. Slowdown in the euro partition will lose out the confidence of in vestors especially in the financial markets. This could be the main reason behind output contraction in the major economies. United States is already experiencing cyclical slowdowns. Such a trouble had not touched US economy in the last 10 years (Major economies globally heading towards slowdown OECD, 2008). Preannounced liquidity shocks have been hitting the US economy. Due to such shocks US economy is undergoing unexpectedly large price changes. In young times jumps in US treasury bonds have been identified (Jiang and George, 2011). Earlier in 1999, OECD had predicted much slower growth in the overall industrialization bear upon for the United States. Accordingly there has a decrease in the short term rate of Federal Reserve Board (Wessel, 98). As per OECD, such a slow and weak growth for the United States is likely to continue till 2013. This will continue along with high unemployment (Winning and Parussini, 2011). The current economic crisis and the Federal government There ar e two schools of thought on how the USA government should deal with its current economic problems. One thought deals with the policy of significant shortage reduction that the Greek and Irish governments have implemented. And the other one deals with the substantive Keynesian stimulus package. The later aspect includes a reform of the tax corpse in order to make taxation more progressive (Kitromilides, n.d.). Policies of deficit reduction Policies During the financial crisis and huge debt crisis situation, governments of Greece and Ireland have taken some policies to surmount those crises. In the face of the huge accumulation of budget deficit, debt crisis, in 2010, the both the governments have taken policies to reduce these crises. At first both the governments have taken travel to reduce public expenditures and increase tax rates. This was a policy of fiscal consolidation plan. Along with this both the governments have asked for the financial assistance to IMF and EU. At the selfsame(prenominal) time these governments have taken steps to initiate long-term structural reforms, such as, increasing competitiveness of the economies by improving employment and growth scenarios, enhancing individual(a) sector investments, and most importantly boosting the R&D sector of the economies (Kitromilides, n.d.). Explanations on effectiveness These policies are still under the scrutiny, but they have been successful in the short term. The policy of reducing public expenditure

Culture and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture and development - Essay ExampleIn this fictional character most governments in these pieces of the world strive to empower cultural heritage tourism through funding the indigenous art and design industries. This is in rewrite to encourage local communities to maintain their market-gardenings as it can act as a form of kind entrepreneurship. West Bengal in eastern India is one of the regions in the world which have embraced the notion of social entrepreneurship in building community wealth (Chaudhury 162). The region is rich in cultural and natural resources. The communities in this region are focused on creative industries which are based on art and culture2. The communities have developed Art Business Hubs which offer cultural products as well as services which basically correlate with their traditions and natural surroundings.Apart from industrial development, culture acts as a medium in the formation of social capital. Social capital helps in the development of local industries through local investment as it promotes common reliability (Thyer 77). People tend to form communal organizations which fund and market their cultural products thus utilizing natural beauty and architectural heritage to increase revenue generation and employment3.Culture is a key entity in the fight against ethnicity. It promotes diversity thus leading to the formation of a global village which is a positive factor in business and economic development. Therefore, culture is essential in both local and international

The process of risk categorization inspection Assignment

The process of take chances categorization inspection - Assignment Example visibleness factors are those that put into consideration population served, type of operation, extent of handling food and its complexity. Performance factors on the other side touch on committedness practices that contribute to food safety. In addition, performance factors also cover operators performance that complies with regulations and the extent of food safety plans.Each board of wellness must, at any time, put into account requirements and old-hat approach as outlined in the guidance document for Food Safety Program Practices of Operation. When in operation(p) at minimum, standard approach implementation would include the following.Standard approach entails implementing and developing a plan for reviewing as well as giving updates of standard operating procedures. It also covers categorization forms, tools, or templates for new approach incorporation (Public Health Division 4). A standard approach, in addition, train all mental faculty who have either supporting or direct role in monitoring, reporting, or conducting categorization of the risk process. Finally, a standard approach also implements and develops an outlet reporting system from the categorization process of risks. The outcome reporting system is essential to monitoring changes and trends to risk classes. Furthermore, it also provides data that acts as a stocky of profile and performance factors used for evaluation reasons.The first step in risk categorization of food premises process is assigning risk categories. Boards of health use assigning risk categories of food premises in when assessing annual onsite risk of every food premises (Bai 215). Subsequently, the health board completes categorization of risk assignment as they carry out the first inspection in every calendar level. However, assigning to risks categories is not applicable in recently established premises that are less than a year old. Assignin g of risks is useful in planning towards meeting reporting requirements. It is important to

Racial Discrimination in Criminal Justice System Essay

Racial Discrimination in Criminal Justice System - Essay ExampleThe targeting of these groups by the police on the vox populi that they commit more crimes acts to deepen the alienation and hostility between the police and these communities. These complain of such groups not taken seriously not withstanding that they are a target of regular police hostility and violence. These kinds of racist behavior done trough the complete awareness and consideration by legislators on the history of racism, and the societal challenges brought about by racist treatment of people. The criminal justice transcription comprises of the courts, police and the correctional facilities. Discrimination usually occurs to individuals who belong to a group either marginalized or belonging to a group that with history of social stigmatization. These individuals have a higher likely hood of torture or undergoing human contaminating treatment. The racial origins of a suspect form the basis of making decisions p olice arrests and police shootings. The race-based favoritism is the greatest crime in the criminal justice system where the targeted individuals face more aggressive and punishments as compared to the total population. Looking at the United State of America, for example, the African Americans are a target of racial discrimination and face a much harsher punishment and treatment than the whites. Racial discrimination The aspect of racial profiling by the police brings out the vice of racial discrimination by the police. ... In trying to eradicate this practice, the police have tried to keep away from the habits the police force has recruited individuals from these communities into force in fix to try and increase the confidence of these communities in the police force. The view among the public citizens is that the functioning of race as a basis of deciding on whom to leave office and search is wrong. This position, however, challenged by a section especially in connection to ter rorist attacks, and the use of race to form the basis of stop and search seems necessary. The effect of racial profiling is that the police do not get assistance by these communities especially in investigations and during community policing done by the police on these neighborhoods. Changes aimed at reducing racial disparity Although considerable efforts made to reduce instances of racial discrimination and increase trust in policing strategies among the communities the practice yet still exists. Scarmans recommendations The Scarmans base of the Brixton disorders in 1981 extensively seen as of immense significance in development of practices of policing. The inquiry of the Scarman regarded additional necessity by the flare of rioting across the country in the same year. The fundamentally concern was about the failure by the police to deal with riots resulting from repressive policing methods, the failure of approval and the lack of content in conflict resolution and public disor der. It is essential to note that much of the police reforms conducted during the 1980 s. In consideration to changes in discriminatory practices and policing, Scarman in concluding his report states that the allegations by a number of individuals who offered

American Government Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

American Government - Personal Statement ExampleAfter the approval of the bill by both the chambers, the bill is sent to the president to be write by him.President Obama has implemented his agenda and passed many bills to support his agenda. He developed strategic plans for the defense, signed a number of economic acts, signed act to reduce pollution and resolve energy and environmental crises and done almost everything to implement his agenda (The White House, 2010). Still he is unable to fully implement his agenda.Past presidents have done a remarkable work for the development and prosperity of United States. To implement their agenda they worked hard and signed whitethorn acts, bills and agreements in favor of the United States (The White House, 2010). Although they were not fully succeeded in implementing their agenda but they succeeded in implementing most of the agenda. Former President Bill Clinton tested to implement his agenda but faced a harsh opposition led by former Pre sident Jimmy Carter (The White House,

Business Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Research Report - Essay Example submission to sector There is high specialization in profits delivered in melody travel, a feature that distinct the effort from other forms of service delivery. The attainment of sustainable economic advantage by a self-coloured in the industry defines the for profit strategic management. It involves proper evaluation and planning of a firms context of industry (the environment) as well as the creation of a viable sustainable competitive differentiation for the survival and profitability of the vexation. Qantas friendship has enjoyed dominance due to the strategic niche it occupies having already well established itself in the aviation industry over years (Morton, 22). The Qantas operates within the transport service industry with her main areas of operations being in offering freights services both locally within Australia and foreignly. Qantas company survival and dominance within the air transport industry lean on the strategic fac tors acting as barriers to entry, which restricts other firms from entering in the industry. These include the high capital base extremity in order to venture into the industry, relatively low fares which do not warrant survival for a new entrant to the industry and the overall accomplishment of her operation as a dominant player in this industry. Research question The management of the firm must have and apply the most enchant business strategies that would help the business in the competitive industry. In this study therefore, the management requires an appropriate mechanism, through which the dodge of customer loyalty and CSR can be applied within the industry for the purpose of effectiveness and efficiency in performance. Therefore, this research study intends to answer the following question what favorable CSR and loyalty strategy should the organization in aviation industry (Qantas) employ for profitability and improved performance? Evaluation Current Organizational Perform ance In this analysis, we analyze Qantas, which is an Australian air travel company, which specializes not only on local flights but also in international carriage (Anon para 1-3). In her own vision, Qantas intends to bring forth the Australias best business in the future and compete favorably in the international scene. Political influences in the operations of the company in the industry oversaw her privatization since 1995, and ever since have seen the company run profitably until the recent challenge posed at the international environment, which saw a decline in her profitability. The international scene has seen the emergence of new cheaper airlines within the Asian region, which poses a great threat to the company. Moreover, the fall of profitability in international operations of the company has been other cause of alarm to the macro-economic environment of the Qantas airline. The global economic crisis of the period around 2008 oversaw the shaking of the Qantas profitabili ty through the inflation of the Australian currency, which affected the tourism and the business travel within the country. Qantas VRIO model analysis The VRIO model as a tool of business analysis is adopted to show what firm resources, and capabilities drive sustainable competitive advantage of the particular firm in the context of competition with the rival groups (

Assessment and Recovery from Mental Distress Essay

Assessment and Recovery from Mental Distress - Essay ExampleThe communal causes of mental illness and distress are chemical imbalances in the brain, stress and everyday problems, and exposure to severely distressing passs such as loss of a relationship, job, death of a family member, sexual assault, killings, and violence, among others. However, some mental health experts claim that mental illness can also be inherited. There are diametrical types of mental distress anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, manic depressive distress, borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia, and many more depending on gravity and description. People who suffered from these distresses were seen with various symptoms. The person could experience upset, olfactory modality restless, sleeplessness, tremors, nightmares, extreme sadness or despair, loss of interest in doing anything, loss of appetite, irritability, impulsiveness, depression, inability to perform daily tasks, hopelessness, sense of guilt, extreme mood swings, feeling worthless, sense of guilt, extreme mood swings, violence, and suicidal tendencies (Borg and Kristianssen, 2004). Being mentally distressed is difficult. Some even deny they have such illness because of the prejudice and disparity of people around them. But, having the illness is not anybody elses fault or a sign of weakness and not something to be ashamed of (Mental Health Commission, 2007). It has been suggested that the discussion must not be delayed in order to prevent it into more severe stage. However, it has been found that conventional or traditional treatments had not been undefeated for many patients. If a person is seen with early stage symptoms of mental distress, it is not only a prompt treatment that must be provided to be sufficient to recover the patient more quickly but the proper one and, there could be similar or different methods for every patients case. It should be noted, however, that early detectio n and treatment helps the patient to restore his/her respect, dignity, and confidence, and live a full, quality life (Borg and Kristianssen, 2004). Those mentally distressed can recover, provided they seek and provided the admit treatment and support. The treatment can be medication, therapy, support and counseling, lifestyle adjustment, support group meetings, and, provision of an inner strength that can come from any weigh of places, these former patients say love, forgiveness, faith in God, a lifelong friendship, (Carey, 2011, P 8). Discussion A. Mental Health Nursing Mental health nursing was depict as an artistic interpersonal-relations tradition which emphasizes the centrality of nurses therapeutic relationships with people in distress and a scientific tradition concerned with delivery of evidence-based interventions that can be utilize to good effect by nurses to patients suffering from mental illness, (Norman and Ryrie, 2009, 1537). The task employs two different methods that are either integrated or complementary in order to deliver quality care to patients. It should be noted that one method is free and independent of any outlined procedure while the other is systematic and depends on evidence for its implementation. It should be also highlighted that a third factor is the interpersonal relations

Trayvon Martin Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trayvon Martin Case - Essay ExampleOn a private errand, Zimmerman noticed that Martin was walking around within the parameters of the gated community in a suspicious manner. On the other hand, Martin was visiting the home of his father and his fathers fiancee. (Sendensky). Zimmerman first phoned the Sanford Police Department with the intention to report about Martins suspicious behavior. later the call ended, it is said that there was an altercation between the two, with Zimmerman being pinned down to the ground by Martin. This forced Zimmerman to fatally shoot Martin at a conclusion range in self-defence. Zimmerman has claimed self-defense, saying he opened fire after Martin punched him in the face, knocked him to the ground and began slamming his head on the sidewalk. (Sendensky). With police finding no attest against Zimmermans version of self-defense, he was left off. That created huge stir, with certain sections of the media and the public implying racial bias for the release of Zimmerman, thereby reporting the crime in self-defense as a hate crime. That is, when the facts of the case, versions of the witnesses and the dubious role played by the media are viewed critically, it implies that the Trayvon Martin case is being blown out of proportion as a hate crime, even involving celebrities. Speaking about celebrities, many came in support of Martin asking for the immediate arrest of Zimmerman. That is, when Zimmerman was let off, the dilute snowballed into a major issue when the media started focusing on it. The first action which raised awareness of this issue was carried out by Martins mother, Sybrina Fulton, who created a petition in the website, Change.org. It attracted over 2.2 million auguryatures and that made the issue gain more attention. (Stableford). As Martin was killed while he was donning a hoodie, people supporting his side started wearing hoodie as a sign of protest. This form of protest spread to various U.S. cities, as protest marche s labeled as Million Hoodie Marches or Hundred hoodie marches were nonionic extensively. That is when celebrities came into the picture. Celebrities including Nelly, Carmelo Anthony, Dwayne Wade, P. Diddy, Luda, Tia Mowry, members of the Miami Heat, etc., tweeted or posted photos in various social networking websites of themselves wearing hoodies. (Shapiro) (Stableford). This created heightened media focus regarding the murder and non-arrest of Zimmerman. Then, a large gathering was organized in the confederacy Square in New York, where many civil rights leaders like Al Sharpton, Martin Luther King III, etc., participated and voiced their protests against the non-arrest and lack of serious charges against Zimmerman. Even the American President, Barack Obama asked for an truthful probe in the issue. At the same time, celebrities particularly film director, Spike Lees action against Zimmerman and his family came under scrutiny. With many radical groups offering rewards and calls to fascinate Zimmerman if the police are unable to do, Lee retweeted an alleged talking to of Zimmerman to his 200,000 Twitter followers. That address came out to be a wrong one, with an elderly couple occupying that address leading to criticism of Lees action. Spike Lees retweet of a tweet thought to contain the address of Trayvon Martin shooter George Zimmerman has resulted in a firestorm of criticism

Target Market Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Target Market - Coursework ExampleThe advertising target refers to a group of passel to which an advertisement would be aimed at. This could be the whole target market or a portion of it.Communications Platform in marketing refers to the tool of delivering the pass on to the target audience (Armstrong & Porter, 2003). It gives the capability of personalizing and distributing marketing content based on the profile of the target market guided by some rules in avocation that could be adapted for various scenarios. Once the target market has been identified, available media vehicles should be evaluated based on their capability to deliver an audience that would match the target. Of magnificence to consider when selecting the media to use include frequency, reach, continuity and gross rating points (Brumfitt, Barnes, Norris & Jones, 2001).In this case, the message should communicate the effectiveness of MaxEmail products and services. It should justify the perceived expensiveness of i ts products and services by conveying the value offered. The message should also portray the companys corporate identity as it targets the government and business enterprises.Social media and search engines would be the ii most appropriate platforms for communication at MaxEmail. Since MaxEmail delivers services and products that largely depend on the internet, it would be realistic to consider that most of the targeted users access the internet during their fooling operations (MaxEmail, 2012). Brumfitt, Barnes, Norris and Jones (2001) observed that social networking has become a popular marketing strategy for most blue chip companies since 90% of internet users would subscribe to these networks. bet engines such as Google.com and Yahoo.com experience massive hits daily and therefore provide a large market for MaxEmail to target.Therefore, as MaxEmail targets users of fax to email and email to fax, peculiarly those drawn from the government, business

Health Care Delievery systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health Care Delievery bodys - Essay ExampleIn others, there is a enounce attempt among trade unions, religions, governments, charities, or other corresponding units to provide designed health care services aimed at the population they assist (Saltman & Von, 1995). This paper leave assess the similarities and differences between different health care delivery systems.Publicly funded health care is financed partly or entirely by peoples tax sums instead of through exclusive fees. This are made directly to health care givers or insurance companies through deductibles, insurance premiums, or copayments. Two-tier health care is a system whereby an assured public health care system is in existence. However, a corresponding health care system functions in equivalent competition. The private health care system gives the patients a chance to hold more alternatives in selecting their physicians and waiting lesser periods. Nevertheless, two-tier health care system is expensive and set aside for only those who can meet the expenses (World Health Organization, 2000). Physicians who work in the private health care systems may also suck an advantage because they can establish their own charges.Single-payer system is a method to financing health care with a single source of funds for paid health care givers. The range may be community based, national, or state-wide. The payer may be an entity like an insurance agency or a governmental unit. The proposed benefits may comprise large savings in overhead charges and administrative simplicity for providers and patients. Universal health care system is also referred to as social health protection, universal care or universal coverage. It depicts a health care system that gives free coverage and health care to everyone in the population of that state or country. Conversely, universal health care does not cover everybody for all things. Moreover, universal health care can be influenced by three vital

Strategy As Simple Rules (Yahoo) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategy As Simple Rules (Yahoo) - Essay ExampleMajor local and multinational companies have been expansive from each other, based on the strategies they use of goods and services in their corporate operations and organization. In the case of Yahoo as a case study, a survey can be said about the companys identity in terms of its strategic management options and principles. Studies have actually showed that a push-down stack of Yahoos success since its establishment in 1994 can be attri furthered to the type of dodge that the company uses. In the option of Eisenhardt and Sull (2007), Yahoo uses what is referred to as strategy as dim-witted rules. The ideal behind this model of strategic management is to make good use of ones opportunities on the market instead than pin ones self to stringent book principles on strategies (Turner, 2002). In this search therefore, four key areas or aspects of strategy as primary rules are outlined from the Yahoo perspective. The first key point touches on zeroing in on key processes whiles the second key point is on simple rules for unpredictable markets. The third key point will elaborate the subject of what simple rules are not whiles the last key point delves into knowing when to change. The essay will be concluded with a summary and recommendation for Yahoos implementation. ... What strategy as simple rules rather does for managers is that it helps them pick a broken number of strategically significant processes and craft a few simple rules to guide it (Eisenhardt and Sull, 2007, p. 10). In effect, to zero in on key processes means to use processes as a means to get to the end, which has to do with the setting of rules. Even with this, the processes that will be picked must not be judged from its quantitative basis but on how quality and significant they are to achieving the corporate dream. Quite significantly, a number of companies including Yahoo has zeroed in on key processes to ensure the creation of competitory advantage for themselves. At Yahoo for instance, it is reported of how managers zeroed in on key processes by giving emphasis to branding and growth excogitation, where a four-point product innovation rule was set (Eisenhardt and Sull, 2007). Normally, the advantage with this approach have having fewer but highly significant processes to deal with is that it helps the company to keep focus of its strategic processes so as to ensure closer monitoring of these processes (Hammer and Champy, 2005). The realistic success that Yahoo recorded when it introduced its four product innovation rules and gave much room for its developers to operate was that this product innovation that was not backed with many processes led to the creation of a new sport page, which had over 100,000 hits in only 48 hours (Eisenhardt and Sull, 2007). This is indeed a justification on the need to always find a means to zero in on key processes. Simple Rules for Unpredictable Markets Strategy as simple rules may have worked in several instances but its propagators insist that the need to constantly identify the best circumstances under which

Gender and Politeness in an ESL Language Academic Context Research Paper

Gender and Politeness in an ESL Language Academic Context - search Paper ExamplePoliteness made by non- intrinsic English speakers varies depending on the language background of an individual. This may be studied through ranking and contextualizing conditions. The physical exercise of semantic features is key in this analysis in the theoretical literature. There exists a correlation between aborigine English speakers and non-natives. When it comes to politeness there is an unembellished perception of the high level of politeness among non-native speakers than native speakers. This is an indication of oversensitivity to semantic distinction forms. The hierarchy of politeness indicates that there should be different grammatical patterns emphasis when handling natives and non-natives in an educational environment (Leavell & Hong-Nam 2006). There are cultural values that still implicit in a composition of non-native authors. Through a review of four principles of and practices, the i ndividualism of the non-native authors may be determined in terms of voice, critical thinking and peer reviews of the texts. A comparison of the findings made with those of native indicates a variation in politeness. The cultural approaches adopted by non-native speakers may not comport with the principles and practices in different ways. The cross-cultural writing research rationale leads to self- noesis of non- native speakers. In writings through by non-native speakers, there are often inappropriate elements evident in the pieces of writing according to judgments made by teachers or lecturers who are native speakers. An analysis of essays written by non-native speakers supports the view that the aspect of politeness dominates among non-native speakers. The choice of words with unintended results does not depict tenability for readers. The advancement of factual claims in linguistics within the word sentence and beyond indicates politeness. Through a study that involves investigat ions on interaction styles, videotaped compositions for non-English native speakers was conducted. This was done for consecutive weeks and the individual videotaped were met for interviews. This was done for Chinese and Spanish speaking students for comparison. A recursive examination of the patterns and themes in the language command and characteristics for the students was done (Atkinson & Ramanathan 1999). The Chinese scripts reflected a social goal while in maintaining harmony in the group. This included a high level of politeness in the group. The Chinese students always await to be reluctant in initiating comments. At any point they made comments they appeared to be careful about making mistakes in their composition and speech. The monitoring of self-led to the evasion of criticism from peers who are native speakers. They also appeared to avoid disagreement with comments made by peers in the writing. The reason behind the position taken by non- native speakers is the lack of confidence among the students compared to other students who are native speakers. The Chinese students opt to office polite words for acceptance among peers. The language learning strategy utilize by students who are not English native speakers include the application of different linguistic backgrounds and culture. The key consideration is the interpersonal communication skills that encompass knowledge in cognitive academic language proficiency. There are differences applied across gender and nationality in becoming proficient in English. According to Snow, Met, & Genesee (2012), the use of metacognitive strategies and memory strategies aids in the learning process.

Responds to Reading and Writing about Research Essay

Responds to Reading and Writing about Research - Essay ExampleThe equipment casualty when once interpreted do not cause difficulties for the second time any much.Interpreting such scientific information as graphs, tables can be more challenging and here it is necessary to explore methods of research in the discipline in advance. This is the stumbling block for the second student. However, it will be a helpful readiness in further scientific activity because these methods allow presenting information more effectively. Dealing with complicated information it is possible to reread it several times. It can be rather time-consuming but that is why scientific literature is different from fiction.Another common concern is plagiarism. It is important to remember that any thought or idea borrowed from someone elses source must be cited properly. If there is a necessity to preserve the original content the quote must be written in inverted commas. All other phrases must be paraphrased which means they must be retold in authors own words. Including such information as authors name, the year of publication is compulsory depending on the reference style. The paper must have a list of the sources use in the end as

Mohammed Daoud Khan Essay Example for Free

Mohammed Daoud Khan EssayThe chapter begins where the last left field off, Amir was left speechless after Hassans criticism. Before Amir could respond to Hassans criticism of his story, gunfire erupted outside. The boys huddled together with Ali until Baba came home. For the first time, Amir saw fear on his fathers face. He was even glad for the violence for a moment, because Baba held him and Hassan close. The events of that night, July 17, 1973, were a precursor to the end of life as Afghanis knew it. What would follow was the Communist coup detat of 1978, followed by the Russian occupation beginning in December of 1979.On that July night, the kings brother, Daoud Khan, had seized Zahir Shahs kingdom while he was away. Afghanistan had gone overnight from a monarchy to a republic. Tired of listening to the receiving set news, Amir and Hassan went to climb their favourite tree. On the way, a young sociopath named Assef and his friends confronted them. He taunted Hassan for bein g a Hazara Assef also had a habit of taunting Ali, whom he called Babalu. He praised Hitler and then said that he wanted to finish what Hitler started and rid Afghanistan of Hazaras. He called Amir and Baba a disgrace to Afghanistan for taking in Hazaras.Just as Assef threatened to punch Amir with his brass knuckles, Hassan pointed his slingshot at the bully and threatened to take out his eye. Assef and his friends retreated, but promised to come back for Amir and Hassan later. On Hassans birthday, Baba summoned him to the house as usual to collect his present. To Hassan, Amir, and Alis shock, Baba had hired a plastic surgeon to correct Hassans harelip. Amir was jealous that Baba was giving Hassan such special attention. The operating theatre went well and Hassan could finally smile an unbroken smile. Ironically, Amir explains, it was soon after that Hassan stopped smiling for good.

Business Analysis Project Essay Example for Free

Business Analysis Project EssayNotwithstanding the bleak global economic climate with the Eurozone crisis, the Singapore operators are constantly introducing value-added services. The introduction of premium next-generation mobile services, namely LTE-based, should give ARPU a boost even though the take-up rate might be weak. pic Source BMI physique 1. 6 shows that the operating revenue has decreased for consecutive years since 2008. This could be attributed largely due to the global economic crisis.Summary of Singapore Telecommunication manufacturing Singapore governments strong commitment to deregulation of the industry has assisted the growth of the telecommunication sector and built a competitive telecoms market, assist by its geographical location and excellent infrastructure. Singapore is one of the first countries in the world to have a completey digital telephone profits and continues to maintain a strong positive outlook in this sector.In 1997, MobileOne Ltd for ayed into Singapores telecommunications industry and demolished the previous monopoly held by Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. It was afterwards listed on the Singapore Exchange on 4 December 2002. Since its establishment, M1 has gained repute as an integrated communications service provider in Singapore.Rightly show on the importance of customers, M1 carries on business with the mission of being an efficient and totally customer-focused familiarity, achieving the highest satisfaction for our their customers, people and shareholders. M1 has 2 wholly owned subsidiaries, M1 Net Ltd. and M1 concern Pte. Ltd. M1 and its subsidiaries carry out its main operations in Singapore.In light of the interdependence of devices, networks, application services and content, M1 recognizes that it needs to diversify from being a everlasting(a) mobile operator and hence transformed itself in 2007 to a dynamic full-service operator . Operating as a full-service operator ever since, M1 offers a ful l suite of broadband products, services and managed solutions. With its high-speed fiber network solutions, businesses benefit from faster speeds to improve productivity and reduce costs.This could have invariably contributed to the price drop-off of handsets and increase in promotional activities to attract customers. Investors prefer a firm with a higher GPM, which indicates stronger efficiency. Noteworthy is M1s NPM being consistently higher than StarHub. SingTel kept up(p) its position at 23%. The ability to sustain the highest profit margin and also maintain a consistent revenue growth clearly places SingTel as the market leader in the telecommunications industry.However, it maintaind its stead state despite the Euro crisis. Therefore it is expected that M1 would increase its debt-to-equity ratio, with the economic recovery. Risk declines as the ratio increases as the companys ability to cover its interest increases. On the other hand, Singtel is the lowest with 8. 8, and it is unclear if it can still afford to leverage upwards without affecting its character reference rating. EPS is net profit per share. It reflects the companys ability to add value to shares and is the most important metric in determining profitability. It is also a study component of another important metric, price per earnings ratio (P/E). The higher the ratio, the more money the company is making.

Research Paper Animal Experimentation Essay Example for Free

Research Paper Animal Experimentation EssayI IntroductionThesis Statement Animal outpouringing is a tough issue in modern society. Some people argue that fauna testing should be kept due to medical benefits and enquiry register conveniences. However, I think sensual experimentation should be banned by refuting supporters arguments.II BodyA. Opposing argument 1Animal experimentations atomic number 18 actioned for compassionate health. confuter to this argumentAnimal testing can cause serious problems dateing to human health. a. The results of beast experimentation ar often inconclusive and cannot be accurately employ to human. b. Animal drug testing causes a lot of life-threatening fount effects.B. Opposing argument 2Animal experimentation is vital for research purposes. re providedtal to this argumentEthnics problems Are universe too selfish?a. Animal testing can be extremely cruel and inhumane.b. Examples to illustrate the cruelly experiments manoeuvreed on s avages.c. Animals be the equal rights as human being.C. Opposing argument 3There are no stiff alternatives to living organism experimentation.Rebuttal to this argumentThe facts of efficient non- creature methods and relevant benefits.a. Examples of undefeated alternative methods.b. Lists of likely technology as alternative methods.c. The benefits of non-animal methods.III ConclusionAnimal Testing should be banned due to its cruelness, clean issues and the existence of effective alternative methods.Should Animal Experimentation Be Abandon?Animal Experimentation, also known as animal testing, is the use of animals to conduct experiments or do research in the laboratory. The number of animals utilise in experiments increased dramatic bothy after World War II. Nowadays, animal experimentation is widely used in more an opposite(prenominal) areas such as medical research, behavior study, and drug tests. It is estimated that scientists in America utilize more than 15 million anim als each year in their research. Also, animal research and testing is used in almost 10% of all biomedical research. (Animal experimentation, 2011, para.4 ) While some people insist animal experimentation is necessary for social progress due to its unique contributions to human health and scientific researches, opponents of animal research argue that it is cruel, immoral, and unnecessary.As a emergence of fact, animal experimentation has been a controversy issue for a very long date. At the same time, there are an increasing number of regulations which spring animal testing to some extent in order to protect animals rights. From my perspective, animal experimentation should be licentiousnessed because of its inhuman cruelness, moral issues, and the existence of possible alternatives. The most common arguments supporting animal experimentation can be refuted and shown to be unnecessary harm to animals. There are many arguments to support animal experimentation. Supporters of anim al testing assert animal experimentations are beneficial for human health and vital for research purposes. Also, supporters tend to believe that there are no effectivealternatives for animal experimentation.One of the most common opinions supporters of animal experimentation hold is that a lot of animal experimentations are conducted for human health. They assert animal testing is critical for drug development, the safety of cosmetic products, and treatment for diseases. For instance, Carl Cohen (2005), a professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, argues that vaccines for diseases such as infantile paralysis and malaria could not convey been developed without animal testing (para.1). There is no denying that adult male did benefit a lot from animal experimentations. People practice on dogs first to learn how to perform surgery successfully, test the toxicity of ingredients of shampoo on mice to ensure the safety of cosmetic products, and study the infecte d chimpanzees to study the computer virus effects.These actions seem to be reasonable. However, there are also plenty of problems of animal experimentation associated with human health are ignored by supporters. The results of animal testing are often inconclusive and cannot be accurately applied to human. Many of the drugs approved through animal experimentation have proven dangerous to humans (Thomas, 2008, para.3). The inner structure of human body is quite different from animals. In fact, animal experimentation results cannot predict many common life threatening side effects of new products like drugs and cosmetics. Animal testing could be the reason that many so called safety products drugs which work perfectly on animals would cause so many dangerous side effects on human body. More seriously, it is possible for humans to suffer from allergic reactions, some blood disorders, skin lesions and many central nervous system effects that cannot be demonstrated by animal models (Sing er, 2006). Most medications are derived from one big contradiction Our government demands that we test all medications on animals prior to continuing to human trials, and it admits that applying animal data to humans is a leap of faith.However, animal drug testing cannot guarantee all the medications would apply to humans. Still, many human diseases go uncured. Besides human health perspective, supporters argue it is necessary to conduct research through animal experimentation. The history of animal experimentation can be traced back a very early time. The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE (History of nonhuman animal research, 1984). The achievements of animal testing research cannot be ignored. For example, the Roman physician Galen dissected pigs and apes to demonstrate that veins carry blood, not give vent as people previously thought.In the early 1600s English doctor William Harvey dissected numerous t ypes of animals, including frogs and fish, to show how blood circulates the body. During the 1800s, scientists used animals to examine the social occasion of microorganisms in causing disease (Gilland, 2002).Scientists narrow advantage of the animals biological similarity to humans to gain advanced biology and behavior knowledge. Furthermore, scientists can create controlled environments for animals (regulating their diet, temperature, and other factors) in a way that would be difficult for human research subjects. Evidence shows the research progress benefits from animal experimentation. It cannot be denied that the animal experimentation plays a crucial role in research.However, as the scale of animal experimentations increasing drastically over years, there are more animal-rights movements and more ethics questions have come to the top. Opponents of animal experimentation consider it is unethical due to reasons such as it is cruel and inhuman, and it violates animals rights. Fi rstly, animal testing is always merciless. The condition of where animals are kept within laboratory could be poor, and animals are often exposed to harmful chemicals to see the results. In 1997, people for the Ethical Treatment of Animals filmed staff wrong Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) in the UK. The staff was hitting puppies, shouting at them, and taking blood samples from the dogs. (Its A Dogs Life,2005). Another example is the archpriest experiments conducted at the University of Cambridge in 2002.The monkeys in laboratory had undergone surgery to induce a stroke, and were left alone after the procedure for 15 hours overnight. They were only given regimen and water for two hours a day so that researchers can better observe their reactions in different situations (Sandra, 2005). The extremely pain and suffering caused by animal testing has become a serious ethics issue. The second debatable ethics issue is regarding to animals rights. People have started to ask whether anima ls deserve the same rights as humans. According to humans basic rights, a person may not be killed, cruelly treated, intimidated, or imprisoned for no good reason. adjust another way, people should be able to live in their own needs and preferences. What about animals? Do they deserve the basic respects like humans? There is no doubt that animals experience life as humans do. Animals can feel pain and fear, and they would be desperate in difficult situations.It is professedly that animals do not have the same abilities as humans. They cannot speak, write or invent things, but neither can some humans. Can we deprive the rights of those humans who lack these abilities? Do we say disabled humans have no inherent value and rights? Certainly not, because their lives still has value to them. As philosopher Tom Regan (1985) has state in his argument for animal rights we are each of us the experiencing subject of a life, a conscious creature having an individual welfare that has importanc e to us whatever our usefulness to others animals too must be viewed as the experiencing subjects of a life, with inherent value of their own(p.13).It is not justifiable to harm animals lives for the benefits of humans. Humans tend to regard themselves as the most important and valuable species on earth. However, this opinion is too self-centered and unmoral. Millions of species are all living on this planet, and they all deserve the self-worth to live. Even though there is no doubt that better research progress would be gained from animal testing, we human cannot take the benefits from the misfortune of other species.We are part of this planet, and we have the obligation to protect ecological balance, not to harm it. Supporters of animal experimentation are also aware of the defects and ethical problems of animal experimentation, but they assert there are no effective alternatives to animal testing. As a matter of fact, with the development of technology, there are many more possi bilities to conduct experimentations without animals. Thanks to modern technology, more and more non-animal research is being used now all over the world. For example, Pharmagene Laboratories is the first company to use only human tissues and sophisticated computer technology for the purpose of drug development and testing. People in Pharmagene use sophisticated scanning devices to analyze inner structure of human.With tools from biochemistry, analytic pharmacology, and molecular biology, Pharmagene is able to study human genes and drug effects on the proteins they make. They have made great achievements in the field of non-animal experimentation. Besides, the scientists in Pharmagene believe that the study process would be much more efficient with human tissues instead of animals. They also state there would be lower risk associated with non-animal experimentation. (Coghlan,1996). As I pointed out before, animal testing can be inconclusive and inaccurate. Also, it is usually expen sive to do experiments on animals. On the contrary, non-animal methods often take less time and cost less to conduct. Effective, affordable, and humane research methods include sophisticated in vitro, genomic, and computer-modeling techniques as well as studies of human populations, volunteers, and patients. Why do we have to conduct the cruel, immoral animal testing which cost us money and effort? People can use these effective alternatives instead.Today, animal experimentations are still used widespread in areas of biology, behavior study, medical research, and drug testing. Although supporters of animal experimentations argue that animal testing is beneficial for human health, critical for research purposes, there are strong evidence showing that animal experimentation might not be necessary. Animal experimentation can cause a lot of dangerous side effects in drug testing. Moreover, Peoples diseases cannot be accurately treated through animal experimentation. Also, there are seri ous moral issues associated with animal testing, and we should not take the benefits from the misfortune of other species. People need to be aware of the disadvantages of animal testing and seek for better alternatives. Non-animal methods often take less time and cost less to conduct. With the development of technology, there would be more and more effective alternatives to animal testing. Due to the various disadvantages of animal experimentation, we ought to abandon animal testing and focus on better solutions. I believe humans can benefit more from non-animal experimentationsReferencesAnimal Experimentation.(2011). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Balls, M. Statement on the Application of the Epiderm Human Skin Model for Skin Corrosivity Testing. New York, NY Metropolitan. Cohen, C. (2001). The Animal Rights Debate. Lanham, MD Rowman. Coghlan, A, (1996). Pioneers Cut Out Animal Testing. New Scientist, 9, 31-33. Deborah, L. (2009). Novel Multicellular Organotypic Models of familiar and Malignan t Breast Tools for Dissecting the Role of Microenvironmen in Breast Cancer Progression. Breast Cancer Research, 11, p.3. Festing, S. (2008). Animal Researcha Defense. Retrieved from http//www. Newstatesman.con/life-and-society/2008/03/animal-rights-debate. Gilland, T. (2002). Animal Experimentation Good or Bad? London Hodder. Its a Dogs Life. (2005). Small World Productions, pp. 54, 56. Laboratory Primate Advocacy Group. (1984). History of nonhuman animal Research. Boston, MA Bedford.Regan, T. (1985). The Case for animal rights. New York Basil Blackwell. Sandra, L.(2005). Lab monkeys in tests. The Grardian. p. R3. Singer, P. (2006). In Defense of Animals The Second Wave. Malden, MA Blackwell.Thomas, P.(2008). Animal TestingDangerous to Human Health. Retrieved From http//www.newstatesman/life-and-society/2008/animal-right

Problems in defining and measuring crime

Problems in defining and measuring crimeToday we will be looking at the difference between crime and deviance, the way of measuring crime and deviance and the problems involved.Defining crime is complex, dependant on social, political and economic f movementors. Crime is an act punishable by law. If somebody breaks the law, whether it is a dear or minor crime, s/he will be punished. Some argues that no matter how immoral, reprehensible, damaging or dangerous an act is, it is not a crime unless it is made such by the authorities of the State, the legislature. Some sociologists argue that only those atomic number 18 criminals who have been adjudicated as such by the courts, and no act can be considered criminal before and unless a court has meted out some penalty. Not all of those who break criminal laws are caught and convicted and many acts that could be considered criminal are rarely prosecuted. The forms of punishment are varied, depending of seriousness of crime, for example, imprisonment etc.Deviance is a type of behaviour that is not accepted by the majority of the society. It is behaviour that differs from the norm and terms weird, evil, sick, immoral are often connected with this form of behaviour. This could be something as minor as wearing the wrongfulness kind of clothes to a party or as major as a murder. Many deviant acts that are not accepted by society are not necessarily criminal acts. Certain type of behaviour may be accepted by one society, but degraded and discredited by another. For example, drinking alcohol in British society is considered acceptable, even if it has negative impact on our society. However, there are many cultures (particularly those influenced by religious beliefs) that disapprove of this behaviour. In some countries like Libya, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Morocco, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Tunisia and Sudan, the consumption of alcoholic beverages is forbidden. There are some exceptions where alcohol can be operational to f oreign tourists but only in certain areas.Criminal and deviant behaviour changes from place to place and time to time. Strong public opinion and changing moral values have a huge impact on these interpretations and it be tote ups difficult to say what acts are deviant/criminal and what can be considered normal. For example, miscarriage used to be illegal in the UK, but in 1967 it live on legal up to 24 weeks with no time limit when there is a risk to the womans life. However, there are still anti-abortion groups in UK that believe that abortion is wrong, but because majority of society agree on this outcome it is not seen as criminal act anymore. There are still many countries that place value on human life and abortion is illegal there, for example in Northern Ireland, Brazil, Malta, the Philippines, Egypt, Nigeria and many more.It is very difficult to draw a line between crime and deviance. They go hand in hand. Any crime that is move is a result of someone being deviant. A gre at deal of deviant behaviour is not punishable by law, but can come to the attention of a community which implements various informal controls, such as isolating those who deviate from the norm rejected by family, friends, colleagues, whole community.Who has the power and right on to say what is normal and what is deviant behaviour? Cultures, traditions, religion, morals and beliefs, greatly influence society astir(predicate) what we see as acceptable/unacceptable behaviour. People are born into different societies with different cultures, values and morals. Individuals are influenced by these from birth and continue to learn and adapt new values and morals. If people migrate and become members of a different society, they may have to learn new values and morals. If somebody undertakes a religious conversion, their morals and values will change to represent their chosen religions behavioural code.Crime and deviance have always played a big part in our society. Crime statistics a re an important pedigree of information, which provide an insight into the step and type of crime committed within particular areas (both national and local). In England, crimes recorded by the police have been print since 1876. However, official crime statistics (as recorded by the police) only contains information regarding the crimes that are reported and recorded by the police, courts and prisons. Previously the police had a certain amount of control over which crimes were recorded but since 2002 all crime has to be recorded. All those crimes which go unreported are known as a Stygian figure of crime. Hidden, unnoticed and ignored crimes belong to this category and all these are excluded from official statistics. Crimes occurring within a family or involving children are the most common types of unreported crimes. People may not report crime for different reasons, for example, lack of trust in the police or choosing to deal with the situation personally. It has been suggeste d that only about fifteen percent of crime is reported to the police. For this reason it is clear that statistics do not measure and provide a clear figure of total crime, because they are not reliable. There are other problems in comparing statistics over time including changing legislation changing interpretation of the law by the judiciary and the changing morals and greater sensitivity of the general public.To conclude, crime refers to behaviours that are a violation of the criminal law, but the law is under perpetually under review. Changes in police practices, priorities, politics, law and what our definition of what constitutes a crime, have a dramatic impact on statistics. Although the accuracy of collected crime statistics are often questioned, they still provide us with insight, keeping the public, the media and other groups informed about the problem of crime. Even if they do not represent our experience of crime, they conquer us to investigate the ever changing nature of crime and deviance.BibliographyM. Haralambos M. Holborn (2008) Sociology Themes and PerspectivesJ. Muncie and E. McLaughlin (2001) The Problem of CrimeDavid W. Jones (2008) Understanding Criminal Behaviour.

Social Construction of Female Gangs

Social Construction of Female GangsIntroductionIn the UK, there has been very little look on pistillate crime syndicate task which has light-emitting diode to the vast amount of research from the USA being applied to the UK situation. Female gangs engage been in endureence throughout history although very little has been verbalise about its members beyond their role as sexual objects. Hallsworth and Young (2008)176) fol small-scaleing a home office report in 2008 state that the gang was for the prototypic time explicitly linked to the problem of urban violence and rising weapon use in the UK (2008176) and harmonise to Campbell (1990) daughters fork out been a part of gangs since the early accounts from untried York in the early 1800s (1990166). Female gang natural process has been on the increase in the latter half of the twentieth century and as much(prenominal), these activities hurt increasingly become violent. In this essay, I exit elaborate on the meaning of ga ngs and egg-producing(prenominal) gangs using various definitions given by notice authors. My primary(prenominal) interest in this paper will be to discuss the historical background of feminine gangs and the key debates surrounding these gangs in relation to the literature written by authors of different calibers and also the myths as portrayed by the society. I will also be interested in discussing the media construction of female person gangs expectant examples which will lead me to explore the disconnection between what the media says about female gangs and what the reality is.The term gang according to Schneider and Tilley (2004) does non feel a unity definition even though it is used universally by researchers, police, social workers, media and the general public (2004 xviii). The US National Criminal rightness Reference returns take up defined the term gang as a convention of three or more(prenominal) people who ask a common make out or sign and have an aim of e ngaging in guilty activity. In the UK context, experts have found it difficult to reach a consensus on whether or non gangs represent and how they potentiometer be defined (Aldridge and Medina, 2008 Alexander, 2008 Broadhurst et al., 2009 Hallsworth and Silverstone, 2009 Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons, 2010 Pickles, 2009 Pitts, 2008). Websters Dictionary (1961) gives us anformer(a) definition stating that a gang is a band or group of persons who involve themselves in criminal or socially unacceptable behavior (196174). Female gang is simply a little girl group or individuals who atomic number 18 involved in criminal activities and sh be the same names, symbols and signs as their identity. Female gangs do not have a visible leader and according to research that they tend to be fairly informal and they do not often have a visible leader. Campbell for example in the Huffs book on Gangs in America (1990) observes that in Los Angeles some gangs have veterinas or godmothers bu t she goes on to say that typically the members insist there is no leader and that decisions are do democratically. Campbells observation invokes that some girls clearly have more clout than others, but that this usually is not formalized as a leadership role. (1990 178).In this check into, I will discuss about female gangs drawing upon American research but with more emphasis on the rising phenowork forceon of female gangs in Britain. In order to accomplish my aim for this literature review, I will use primary sources, some secondary sources and other policy documents or government publications to enable me make conclusions and recommendations, identifying gaps in know conductge which whitethorn inspire other researchers into ideas for further research and also enable me to give my general opinion of how I regain about the social construction of female gangs by the media much of which I tend to disagree with.Literature ReviewHistorical BackgroundM both researchers and journalis ts have for a long time assumed that girls and women did not take part in criminal behaviors and therefore the issue of female gang has often been ignored. Campbells (1990) review on girl gangs states that, girls were defined solely in terms of their relations to male gang members (1990166). Men have always been the point of concentration in investigating gang crimes and until recently, female gang members were seen as sex objects or tomboys. Literature has introducen that researchers describe female gangs as weapon carriers for the male counterparts in addition, Moore and Hagedorn (2001) bespeak that even when describing female gang members as tomboys, researchers emphasized that the females motivations were focused on males (2001 2). Looking at the UK context of female gangs, literature on girls and gangs has not been soundly developed because researchers in Britain have not seen the need to concentrate on female gangs (Campbell and Muncer, 1989 Sanders, 2002). According to Dow nes (1966) Parker (1974) and Scott (1956), the UK tried to apply American gang theories to address the problem of street gangs but these attempts failed over time leading to lack of data on gangs. This explains why there is no sound evidence as in the wooing of USA, for the proliferation of violent street gangs (Hallsworth and Young, 2008 177).Female Involvement is not a new occurrence universally. In fact, there has been a lot of concern on the rise of female thing in gang business over the years. Early studies found that there was a 50 portion increase in serious crimes by teenage gins between 1968 and 1974, compared to a 10 percent increase for boys and arrests of girls under 18 for violent crimes rose 393 percent between 1960 and 1978, compared to 82 percent for boys (CASA Website) . Miller (2001) compared youth gang involvement in 1950, and found out that youth gangs of the 1980s and 1990s are more numerous, more prevalent, and more violent than in the 1950s, probably more t han at any time in the countrys history (2001 263). In the early 1980s, Anne Campbell (1981) became interested and had concerns about female offenders which led her to conduct an investigation about the occurrences of violence amongst girls in Britain. Campbell, (1984) also did an investigation on female gangs in America and this led to her conclusions that the problem of female gangs was socially constructed. She criticized Britain for just concentrating on male gangs and ignoring female gangs and illustrated that in New York, women were very unlikely to organize in to gangs in big numbers because the female groups were only known to follow male groups (Campbell, 1995). Recent studies on girls and violence also shows that there has been an increase in violent and aggressive behaviour by girls and this has been catalyzed by media attention. Earlier on, people knew very little about girls violence because there was a belief that violence was solely committed by men. The study findin gs show very little evidence suggesting that girls are physically violent.MembershipAcademic research on gang rank and file in the UK is very sparse as mentioned earlier on and there is little evidence showing that youth women have existential experience in committing violence. It has been difficult to as legitimate the numbers of female gangs although there is a significant existence of the members. On the other hand, in the US, feminist researchers have tried to provide a more nuanced portrayal of the building complex gender experiences of girls in gangs (Miller, 2001 16). They have demonstrated that girls involvement in female gangs meets their gender expectations and experience heightened risks for physical and sexual victimization and also ascertains that gang social station provides them with a sense of belonging, giving them confidence and refuge from their abusive families (Campbell, 1990 Joe and Chesney-Lind, 1995 Joe Laidler and Hunt, 2001 Miller, 2001, 2008 Moore, 1991 Nurge, 2003). Many gangs appear to be more highly structured than delinquent groups but that does not disqualify the fact that they may still be seen as loosely organized. Several factors such as age, neighborhoods and so on are considered as the bottom of gaining entry to these gangs or becoming a member. The gang sizes range from a member group of four or five and can go beyond a thousand. in that respect have been different classification of gang groups such as the leaders, associates of the regulars then there are the peripheral members and finally the recruits.Most studies have shown that the reasons why females join gangs are because of friendship influence, it is seen as a form of solidarity and self affirmation. Research has indicated that those kids who grow up in dysfunctional families and whose parents are in prison may find it appropriate to join gang groups. Many youth gang formation is as a result of the present deteriorating economic conditions which are character ized by poor housing, lack of school structures and facilities and lack of laws that regulate violation of youth gangs. Being in a female gang may be a refuge from physical and sexual abuse at home. Young et al.s (2007) was involved in a research which directly involved girls and unripened women who had association with female gang and this gave him a different picture of their involvement. UK studies of female gangs have indicated that girls and new women are just portrayed as girlfriends to their male gang members but Young et als involvement in interviewing some of the females indicated that their groups were mainly composed of peers whose main reason for being together was plain friendship and denied that their groups were gangs. except in the US, Miller (2001) states that young person womens group formation was through friendships from school, their house neighborhoods and not through any initiation rites to join these groups. Evidence uncovered by Young et al. (2007) stated that all the female groups interviewed referred to each other as their mates. Seven young women belonged to all-female groups and although they would periodically hang about with the local young men, this was not because these relationships with males were considered to be important or necessary. Indeed, from their testimonies it was evident that these women did not consider the males around them as friends or even friendly, nor did this group enter into intimate relationships with the young men they associated with. These young women determined when they associated with the males in their social circle and were not significantly influenced by the actions of males or male-dominated groups (Young et al., 2007 143).A study conducted by Pitts in 2007 considers female membership in gangs as Reluctant Gangsters offspring Gangs in Waltham Forest (Pitts, 2007). According to Pitts (2007), young women in gangs are often sexually exploited, sometimes in convince for drugs and the relations hips (they have with male members) tend to be abusive one of dominance and submission and also some senior gang members pass their girlfriends around to begin ranking members and sometimes to the whole group at the same time (2007 39). Pitts (2007) study states that the reason why young women, or girlfriends, are attracted to the gangs is mainly because they entrust they can be glamorous or become celebrities deep down the group. It is unclear how members of female gangs are able to maintain long term roles and specific power given that the core members decide on the primary roles of the gang groups. Some members join the groups for a short period and others may move on to other gang groups after a certain period of time but in all these groups, the core members still remain in charge of the criminal activities.StatisticsThe most widely used data on female gangs has been from the nationwide surveys of law enforcement agencies. Miller (1975) stated that a survey conducted in the mid-1970s indicated that 10 percent of all gang members were bringing close togetherd to be female and according to Spergel (1995), a national survey found that in 1992 only 3.7 percent of all gang members were female. This was due(p) to the fact that 32 percent of the surveyed jurisdictions did not, as a matter of policy, identify females as gang members (Curry and Decker, 1998 98). Four years later in 1996 there was an estimate that 11 percent and then 1998, 8 percent of all gangs were female (Moore and Terrett, 1998 National Youth Gang Center, 2000). It is noted that it is in small cities and rural areas where female gangs are more likely to be found and their ethnicities vary by regions (National Youth Gang Center, 2000). In 2003 the Channel 4 documentary Dispatches emphasized that the gang problem was increasingly spreading in the UK and as many as 30,000 gangs were functional and 57 percent included female members (Thompson, 2003).The Metropolitan Police value (MPS, 2005) r eleased the most recent figures with findings that there were 174 street gangs in London. In 2006 the MPS figures showed that there was a 66.6 per cent increase in gang membership rise the number of UK gangs to 50,000 of which 2500 of the total number were young women (MPS, 2006). The United States gang numbers according to recent police estimates indicate that there are 27,000 gangs with approximately 788,000 members (National Youth Gang Survey, 2007). According to these reports, there was a 25% increase in the reported numbers of gang and gang problems since the year 2001 where there was a low report on gang problems (National Gang Center, 2009). Curry, Fox, Ball, Stone (1992) and National Gang Center (2009) reported that in 2007 there were gang problems in large cities, 86% more than what was reported in 1983 which was at 50% when the gang problem was just beginning to grow.Media construction of female gangsMedia representations on gangs and more specifically female gangs have played a very big role in informing the social reality by a social constructionist perspective. In the early(prenominal) two decades, gang crime activities have dominated the crime word and the quality of life among rural and urban dwellers has been eroded also, violent young females have been presented as a new and growing social problem(Batchelor, 2009408). According to Batchelor (2009) girls have been perceived to be the same as boys especially in fighting to agitate themselves (2009400). Batchelor continues to argue that young women who involve themselves in male gangs have been used as carriers of weapons and drugs and in some cases the girls have been exploited sexually. News in the media has claimed that young women have acted as the heads of anti-social youth groups who commit crimes like rape, murder and violent robbery (Young, 2009).Many compositions produce stories with an aim of attracting peoples attention and informing them on what they weigh the public want to rea d about thus making a lot of sales on the papers. The medias main interest had been to enhance its economic sentiment by manipulating the public way of thinking about crime and its social context (Potter and Kappeler 1998). The main contribution of the media has been according to Best (1993119), a contextual constructionism of gangs where the media makes certain choices of what to cover in the news which contributes to the social construction of the reality. Crime narratives and representations are, and have always been, a prominent part of the content of all mass media( Reiner, 2007305), with sources such as newspapers and television documentaries playing a central role in creating public perceptions of crime and therefore influencing their perceptions about the extent of crime and the risk of suffering it (Treadwell, 200677).Media reports especially in the UK have not been backed up by concrete evidence on the wider female gang problems. The Centre for Social Justice (2009) stat es that media coverage has, at times, been suggestive of an epidemic in gang-related youth violence (200919). In the UK, television headlines and documentaries relating to gang violence and the coming up of girl gangs has been paramount and that has not been different in the case of USA where it has been reported that gang groups are armed, dangerous and prepared to kill (Hallsworth and Young, 2008176). Despite the fact that gangs and gang activity has been seen as a social problem to society and despite the regular convictions from the news that has shaped such problems, a comprehensive and systematic analysis of newspaper coverage of gangs and societys war on gangs has not been undertaken. on that point have been extraordinary cases of female violence reported. For example the reported case of a frenzied set on of eight strangers which was enacted by Chelsea OMahoney, who was the only female member of Sergeant Crew, in conjunction with her male friends (Laville, 2005). This cas e signifies that there are existing modern girl gang members who offend the law. The press gave an impression that made the public perceive the girl involved as aggressive and one capable of extreme behaviour, a trouble maker who causes havoc in and out of her group and catalyses others to be involved in aggressive behaviour (Thompson ,2003).In the next section, I will analyze the literature review and the medias perception towards female gangs. I will explore the information given in order to see if there is a disconnect between what the media says and what the reality is about female gangs. This will aid me in making proper conclusion about the media construction of female gangs. digestIt has been argued that reports on female gangs offending the law is very low compared to male offenders and noted that female violence is a relatively rare occurrence according to crime statistics. Various authors like Campbell (1995) have stated that Britain for many years had not developed any re search on female gangs whereas in New York, female groups were only seen as followers of their male counterparts and could not possibly form gang groups to organize crimes. On the other hand, the press has had much to spell out on the papers and commentate in news about girl gangsters especially in the last ten years. According to Tara (2009) there have been news reports contending that young women are traditionally engaged in violent crimes. Reports have in excess claimed that many anti-social youth groups are now headed by young women and they commit crime such us rape, murder and robbery. Honigsbaum (2006) states that young women in the UK are cited to be amongst the most violent and aggressive in the world. It is clear that there have been a few empirical studies on female gang membership especially in the UK although the media coverage of violent offences committed by young women has created a certain perception towards the girl gangsters. This construction of female gangs has also been through the statistical evidence that has been provided by officials from the law enforcement department.Comparing the literature on female gangs and what the media has had to say about this topic, it is evident that there have been gaps in research on female participation in gangs in the UK which is the same case as the American gang literature where else, the media has been successful in socially constructing the girl gangs even though its evidence is very scant. Over the years, most researchers have concentrated on investigating the male gangs, studying the criminal behaviour of men and ignoring the female counterparts. According to Pitts (2007), the female gangs have not been recognized or in some cases, research has been conducted in reference to the experience of men. In reality, female gangs have been in existence for decades but it has been difficult to come up with the true picture of the problem. In the case of UK, there have been claims that currently young wom en are more likely to engage in street gangs and these women are more likely to engage in serious violent crime. This information is not substantial because the media seems to exaggerate this kind of violent crime thus mold the public perceptions of gangs. There is a problem of statistic as well.It has been noted that female gangs exist in larger cities but there is no evidence to suggest that female crime is a national problem, therefore the true problem cannot be identified. Unrealistic public attitudes towards girls gangs have been the order of the day because there has been falsehood of girls lives and this according to Batchelor (2001) has created a misdirected public policy. The media has been fond of relying on simple statistics and typical gang cases that have no evidence and this has complicated the discussions of complex socio-specific contexts of violence in girls lives (Batchelor, 2001). Young womens genuine problems continue to be marginalized and ignored as the media continues to give wrong information to the public thus making the girls become a problem. Batchelor (2005) demure (2008) suggest that it is important that any steps taken to address problems of gang involvement by young women should be from the reality and should be able to find the young women are active agents and victims.As I have discussed above ,most of the violence that is experienced by girls and young women, as both perpetrators and victims, takes place within either the family or their friendship group. This means that social work and probation practitioners need to give careful attention to the familial and peer contexts of young womens offending, putting in mind that both groups can be concurrently harmful and protective. (Batchelor, 2005) argues that if we are to working towards effecting change in young women offenders lives, we need to maximize on their involvement and participation in various positive activities. These activities should enable them relate well with their families and friends and also the social work teams in order to have positive relations. There is need for accessible and affordable leisure activities which can be effective in occupying the girls and young womens minds and address some specific needs like intimidation and victimization.It could be argued that research in to the phenomena of the girl gang especially in the UK is barely adequate thus making it difficult to make quantifying conclusion of the girl gang problem. Much of this essay clearly states that crime statistics show that compared to male offending female violence is a relatively rare occurrence (Young, 2009224), and any rise in female violence may not always be gang related. I will purpose this essay by indicating that a lot of information represented by the media is just assumptions with no evidence to back it and researchers can do more towards looking more into the problem.ConclusionThere seems to be no concrete theory as to why girls of women get inv olved in violent crimes but there have been various factors that have been cited to have played a major role in influencing them to join gang activities. Parental negligence, poverty, teenage pregnancies, lack of education, ill health, early involvement in sexual activities and peer group influence are some of the factors that drive these girls and women into gangs. Researchers, the law enforcement system, school, community based programmes and families have ignored the fact that female gangs exist and have confined young female to victimization and this has resulted to the rise of female violence. This essay has considered the background information of female gangs, the definition of gang and female gang, the key debates surrounding these gangs in relation to literature written, also the media construction of female gangs and the myths as portrayed by the society.It is argued that many researchers have ignored females as gangs and the look seems to be that female gangs and their m embers are pale imitations of male gangs (Spergel, 1995 90). Due to lack of research, facts that have been written and reproduced in books about female gangs are based on journalists and probation officers reports and also the statements given by the male gang members. Looking at the past and current research on female gangs, it is clear that they do exist in the UK and the USA although the statistics given are socially constructed due to the fact that the gang related cases are underreported. Reliable statistics may show that the problem of female gangs is not as large as the media portrays it to be and with the media catalyzing the problem, it may have negative consequences such as labeling to girls and young women. Media reports fuelling a moral panic can also have an impact on how the community and the government responds to female gangs thus failing to tackle the needs of these female groups.I will conclude by saying that it would be important for researchers to further explore the problem of female gangs because I completely agree that they exist and need attention other the problem will get out of hand if ignored. The media should stop exaggerating facts on female gangs and concentrate on finding out the true picture of these gangs.